The two-period crossover design is common for clinical trials in which each subject serves as his or her own control. In many situations the assumptions of variance homogeneity and normality, relied upon in parametric analyses, may not be justified due to small sample size, among other reasons. The nonparametric methods proposed by Koch (1972) (The use of nonparametric methods in the statistical analysis of the two-period change-over design. Biometrics 577–83.) can be used to analyze such data.
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